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Abdullah Öcalan ( ; (:ød͡ʒaɫan); born 4 April 1948), also known as Apo〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325238/Kurdistan-Workers-Party-PKK#ref1106877 )〕 (short for both Abdullah and "uncle" in Kurdish), is one of the founding members of the militant organization the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in 1978 in Turkey. Öcalan was arrested in 1999 by the Turkish National Intelligence Agency (MIT) with the support of the CIA in Nairobi and taken to Turkey, where he was sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed organisations.〔https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/fiasco-in-nairobi.html〕〔http://www.ibtimes.com/abdullah-ocalan-famed-kurdish-leader-double-agent-working-turkish-intelligence-against-his-own-party〕〔http://www.gazetevatan.com/abdullah-ocalan-i-kim-yakaladi--188558-gundem/〕〔https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/pdfs/U-%20Varouhakis-The%20Case%20of%20Ocalan.pdf〕〔(Belgenet Öcalan Davası Gerekçeli Karar )〕 The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkey abolished the death penalty in support of its bid to be admitted to membership in the European Union. From 1999 until 2009, he was the sole prisoner on the İmralı island, in the Sea of Marmara.〔Marlies Casier, Joost Jongerden, ''Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue'', Taylor & Francis, 2010, (p. 146. )〕 Öcalan admitted the previous violent conduct of the PKK,〔Council of Europe, ''Parliamentary Assembly Documents 1999 Ordinary Session (fourth part, September 1999), Volume VII'', Council of Europe, 1999, (p. 18 )〕 but says that the period of armed warfare was defunct and a political solution to the Kurdish question should be developed.〔Mag. Katharina Kirchmayer, ''The Case of the Isolation Regime of Abdullah Öcalan: A Violation of European Human Rights Law and Standards?'', GRIN Verlag, 2010, (p. 37 )〕 The conflict between Turkey and the PKK has resulted in over 40,000 deaths, including PKK members, the Turkish military, and civilians, both Kurdish and Turkish. From prison, Öcalan has published several books, the most recent in 2012. ==Biography== Abdullah Öcalan was born in Ömerli, a village in Halfeti, Şanlıurfa Province in eastern Turkey.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.pkkonline.com/en/index.php?sys=article&artID=22 )〕 While some sources report his birthday as being 4 April 1948, no official birth records for him exist, and he himself claims not to know exactly when he was born, estimating the year to be 1946 or 1947. He is the oldest of seven children.〔Aliza Marcus, ''Blood and Belief,'' New York University Press, 2007. (p.16)〕 According to some sources, Öcalan's grandmother was an ethnic Turk and (he once claimed that) his mother was also an ethnic Turk.〔Blood and Belief: The Pkk and the Kurdish Fight for Independence, by Aliza Marcus, p.15, 2007〕〔Perceptions: journal of international affairs – Volume 4, no.1, SAM (Center), 1999, p.142〕 According to Amikam Nachmani, lecturer at the Bar-Ilan University in Israel, Öcalan did not know Kurdish when he met him in 1991. Nachmani: "''He () told me that he speaks Turkish, gives orders in Turkish, and thinks in Turkish."〔Turkey: Facing a New Millenniium : Coping With Intertwined Conflicts, Amikam Nachmani, p.210, 2003〕 Öcalan's brother Osman became a PKK commander, serving until defecting with several others to establish the Patriotic and Democratic Party of Kurdistan. His other brother, Mehmet Öcalan, is a member of the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP).〔("BDP wants autonomy for Kurds in new Constitution" ), ''Hürriyet Daily News'', 4 September 2011〕 After graduating from a vocational high school in Ankara ((トルコ語:Ankara Tapu-Kadastro Meslek Lisesi)), Öcalan started working at the Diyarbakir Title Deeds Office. He was relocated one month later to Bakırköy, Istanbul. Later, he entered the Istanbul Law Faculty but transferred after the first year to Ankara University to study political science. His return to Ankara (normally impossible given his condition〔Normally, students can only transfer between like departments, otherwise the student must retake the university entrance exam. Moreover, Öcalan was awarded a scholarship by the Ministry of Finance, despite being ineligible due to his age, and the fact that he had participated in political demonstrations. He had also been tried and acquitted by a martial law court. The public prosecutor had asked for the harshest possible sentence.〕) was facilitated by the state in order to divide a militant group, Dev-Genç. President Süleyman Demirel later regretted this decision, since the PKK was to become a much greater threat to the state than Dev-Genç. In 1978, in the midst of the right- and left-wing conflicts which culminated in the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, Abdullah Öcalan founded the PKK. He launched a war against Turkey in order to set up an independent Kurdish state.〔 In July 1979 he fled to Syria where he remained until October 1998 when Syrians expelled him. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abdullah Öcalan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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